The Smartest Job Search Strategies for Any Job Search

The Smartest Job Search Strategies for Any Job Search You may think the most ideal approach to find a new line of work is to look through on the web, update your resume, and rush it out because of the same number of postings as you can discover. Be that as it may, you’d not be right. For reasons unknown, about 80% of occupations are not posted on the web. So regardless of what number of utilizations you convey, you’re still just working with about 20% of what’s out there. There are likewise various regular fantasies and confusions that can wreck even the most constant of employment searchers. Exposing these can do a significant improvement. Here’s two things to remember:You don’t need a lot of understanding (or at times even any) to get your fantasy job.You don’t need to settle until you get that job.So where does that leave you and your activity search?You should consistently be set up with a pitchThe best thing for work searchers to do-and this won’t come as a very remarkable astonishme nt is arrange. System, organize, arrange. That implies as a matter of first importance, thinking of a persuading and enchanting lift pitch. A response to the omnipresent inquiry: â€Å"So educate me regarding you.† You’ll need to create this impeccably to show your objectives, experience, selling focuses, and exactly that you are so flawless to coordinate a potential employer’s needs. At that point you’ll need to practice it until it comes out of your mouth as normally as an exhale.Be sure to incorporate an objective articulation toward the end. â€Å"I’m †¦. also, keen on †¦. what's more, as of now planning to progress into †¦ in a perfect world in the X industry.† Stating your pursuit of employment need as an objective guarantees that you’re never out and out approaching anybody for favors; you’re just expressing what your identity is and what you’re searching for, which won’t pester or annoy any potential contacts.The shorter and more straightforward, the betterâ€just be smartWhen you’re chipping away at your resume, make certain to decide in favor of quickness. DO incorporate visual cues to boost simple perusing, yet don’t incorporate too much and ensure the ones you do incorporate are each accomplishing something for you. Make them as results-driven as could be expected under the circumstances, instead of overwhelming hands on portrayal. Lead with your best bullet.Once you get a meeting, make certain to be also arranged as you were for systems administration. However, there, the unavoidable issue is â€Å"Tell us somewhat about your greatest weakness.† You may have been informed that the best technique here is to guarantee that you’re a hopeless stickler. The web, as a rule, will advise you toward this path. Be that as it may, the Internet isn't right. You’ll simply solid questionable. The better methodology is to pick something youâ €™ve really been attempting to improve. Clarify how it was a test to you previously, and what you’ve been doing, effectively, to transform it into a quality. Give a case of your advancement just to demonstrate you’re not brimming with baloney.It’s alright to make demandsOnce you get an offer, be certain not to turn over and acknowledge the compensation beyond a shadow of a doubt. It is alright and expected to arrange. A couple tips:Don’t be the principal individual to recommend a number. The individual who talks first in this field alwaysIf they request that you give a number first, divert. State that you’re debatable, yet you’d like to hear their range to see whether it fits for you.Do research before going into dealings. Make sense of what is standard at that organization and in that position inside the business. What's more, don’t request a number very outside of that range.Tell them rather that you’re being considered i n the scope of the top third of that section, however guarantee that you’re negotiable.If you let go of the absolute most regular confusions and quest for new employment fantasies, you ought to have a vastly improved, clear-looked at approach that will probably begin to get you the outcomes you need.

Challenging Obstacles for Immigrants

Numerous individuals relocate to the USA for a few reasons, to show signs of improvement life. As we as a whole realize the USA is profoundly grown financially and innovatively, and it can turn into an alternate world to most foreigners. Consequently, migrants face different difficulties during the first and second year of their passageway in to the USA. Among the difficulties, language, finding a new line of work and culture are normal for a large portion of settlers. The main test for workers is the language hindrance. Since English is the second or third language for most migrants, they face a great deal of issues to convey. Despite the fact that, settlers have some information on English, the way to express most words is unique. So they can’t comprehend and convey without any problem. Besides, the highlight of local speakers, Mexicans, Black Americans, and Chinese is unique. This convolutes the correspondence and makes worry for outsiders. For instance, I went to the USA as of late. I have some information on English, however when I took my children to the emergency clinics, go to shopping, and in any event, when I was applying to this school, I discovered individuals who utilize distinctive articulation and complement. Now and again, I heard half to 90% of what individuals said and in like manner they couldn't get me, despite the fact that I was talking in English. Therefore, â€Å"I’m sorry†, â€Å"say again†, â€Å"pardon† were my everyday words I utilized and heard for several months. Consequently, language is the main enormous test that all settlers face. The second testing impediment for outsiders is finding a new line of work. Since language is an issue for workers, a large portion of them bombed in prospective employee meetings. Despite the fact that they are instructed and experts in their nation of origin, it expenses and sets aside effort for their training to be acknowledged here. In this manner, finding a new line of work is extreme. Particularly now, following the financial emergency of the world, there are numerous cutbacks and finding a new line of work resembles a supernatural occurrence to most settlers. Likewise, the occupations accessible for workers are physical work employments that are tedious. These employments may likewise have less hours and clearly have least compensation. Consequently, outsiders will be compelled to secure another tedious position to cover their everyday costs. Be that as it may, landing another position is another concern for migrants. Here I am going to give my husband’s encounters. When we arrived at America and got our standardized savings numbers, my significant other attempted to look and go after positions. Following a while and preliminary, he found low maintenance line of work with the lowest pay permitted by law. His pay isn't sufficient to cover our costs, and now he is looking through another occupation, however none has been found. Consequently, following the language hindrance, finding a new line of work is a major testing to migrants. Culture is the third test that outsiders face here. Foreigners have their own societies and living styles in their nation of origin. The way of life of dressing, talking, eating, public activity etc†¦ is diverse here from immigrants’ home nation. For instance, here man and lady can kiss on the lips anyplace, however this is no-no in my nation, Ethiopia. Another model is the way girls’ dress, here young ladies can wear whatever they like, for example, shorts and smaller than usual dresses. Nonetheless, in my nation, this isn't acknowledged and young ladies should wear garments that don’t uncover their body. In this manner, they should wear shorts and dresses which are underneath to their knees. The other thing here individuals eat their food anyplace; they can even eat strolling in the city. In any case, in my nation individuals, particularly young ladies, can't stroll in the city while eating or drinking. There are a few traditions here that are included as no-no in my way of life. In this manner, the social contrasts make outsiders to be confounded and stunned until they acclimated with it. Over the long haul, workers will oversee and overcome the impediments through a few exposures and practice. At that point, subsequent to going through the impediments, settlers will appreciate a superior life and even be in higher positions like congresspersons, VPs and furthermore leader of America.

Guest Entry MIT Cycling Team Training Camp

Guest Entry MIT Cycling Team Training Camp This blog post is by my brilliant Randomite, computer scientist, and cyclist friend Matt R. ’13 (used to be ’14; pictured below), who recently joined the rest of the MIT cycling team for training camp in Borrego Springs, CA. The beautiful photos are by Peter Vanderwarker. All of them can be clicked for larger versions. You can read more blog posts by and about the MIT cycling team  here. As thirty travel-weary MIT cyclists tetris’d their bags into the bottom of the bus, they collectively smiledâ€"tomorrow they would be mounting their saddles and pedalling off into the deserts and mountains surrounding Borrego Springs, CA. They loaded their luggage and settled into their seats for the 80 mile drive from the airport, preparing mentally for the arduous rides ahead. After a particularly hilarious showing of Mean Girls, the bus rolled into the dust-covered hamlet, and deposited the MIT Cycling Team into their new home for the next week. Groceries arrived by the truckloadâ€"800,000 calories of bananas, bread, English muffins, Cytomax, apples, chocolate, and all sorts of delicious consumables were ferried in to Hacienda la Verbena by the advanced food recon team of Shaena B.  13 and Jen W. (grad student in Biological Engineering). They had purchased so much food that other shoppers at Costco mistook their shopping cart for a store fixture, attempting to remove items for their own use. After a night’s rest, the team woke up and cooked breakfast, then congregated in the garage where they were met by various alumni and affiliates for the day’s riding. For me, the first day consisted of a ride up through Yaqui Pass (a deceptively shallow climb to 1500’), followed by a wind-battered individual-time-trial along San Felipe road to 4200’, then a nerve-shatteringly terrifying descent down Montezuma Grade (10 miles downhill at 8% grade with sweeping views of the desert playa at nearly every corner). Video: The ride terminated (as most rides ought to) in a hot tub. Once our muscles were soaked in the 102 degree water, many people opted to upload ride data to Strava and Golden Cheetah, comparing critical power curves and King of the Mountain/Queen of the Mountain (KoM/QoM) record attempts from the day’s assaults. After a particularly sumptuous dinner, I promptly fell asleep. The next day was brutalâ€"a brisk warmup paceline through town on the wheels of Zack U. and Ben W. (both Chemical Engineering) at 340 watts, followed by a series of intervals up Montezuma grade in a 40 mph headwind. As a sprinter, I thought there was nothing worse than an 80 minute climb through the mountains, but I revised my opinion on that: the wind proved to be more of an enemy than the gradient. Jen and I struggled mightily throughout the ascent, and at times it felt like we needed to maintain threshold power to simply stay upright in the face of the Aeolus’ blustery rage, but cresting the top of the pass to the silent smile of the Yeta at Ranchita Store kept us in good spirits. The descent was fraught with cross-winds, but after seeing the turns yesterday, I was able to punch it a little bit more on the downhills. Kamal N. 14  joined me in my quest for a downhill KoM, but we got stuck behind a semi-truck and had to abort our cannonball run.     Day three was a recovery dayâ€"more specifically, it was a day of “recoveracing” as the team captains led with a cornering clinic. Nate D. (Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences)  demonstrated the principle of countersteering, and Zack and Shaena  showed us how to get our bodies out over the side of the bike to change the center of gravity and allow tighter cornering lines. After the cornering clinic, the team completed a loop around town and came back for hot cocoa and lunch. The next day brought Team Time Trial (TTT) practice in the same loop as the recovery rideâ€"Ben graciously coached the Men’s C/D TTT team (me, Ernesto J. 14, Steven J. 11, Kamal, David R. (Electrical Engineering and Computer Science)) into good form, allowing us to blast down the highway at 25 mph. Flying past fruit orchards on perfectly coated pavement was the highlight of the trip for me, and I’m excited to get the TTT team back together in Boston this spring. After stopping over at the house to attempt to true my wheel (spoiler alert: I failed, and had Nate bail me out), I took off for Yaqui Pass to get some climbing miles in, but had to cut my ride short when my knee pain started to flare up. The rest of the trip proceeded similarlyâ€"riding out in the morning for several hours, followed by after-ride snacks of nachos, guacamole, and/or hummus. Day five was the “hammer” ride, where the group treated a three mile section of road like a race, and wound up with a collective case of exercise-induced asthma. Or something. Read more about this in David K. (Biology)’s post here. On day six, Peter Vanderwarker was kind enough to take professional-grade pictures of the teamâ€"we lined up for paceline photos and individual shots, then went out for another recovery ride in the desert. On the final day (day eightâ€"my knees were telling me to skip day seven’s ride), riders decided to go for broke. Nate  (displeased with the teams in the super bowl, apparently) decided that he was going to ride until dark, and managed to do more than 100 miles with 10,000 feet of climbing. Zack even set the KoM record up the mountain at 305 W! I climbed Montezuma again with Jen, and we met up with Kate W. 14, Katie M. (Chemical Engineering), and Steven  for a nice long downhill ride, opting to skirt Yaqui pass in favor of a longer route to the south. Kate and I spent much of the ride hammering hard on the front for five minute intervals, and I managed to set a five-minute power record on the last day! Cleanup that night was bittersweet, as we packed our bikes into cases and wept for the loss of our beloved 49ers (well, okay, Zack was rooting for the Ravens the whole time, but Stephen (Electrical Engineering and Computer Science)  and I were upset). When the bus was packed in the morning, we rolled out to the airport and said our final goodbyes to the sweeping vistas of Southern California. After hundreds of miles of riding, and thousands of kilojoules spent, we took off for the frozen environs of Cambridge, MA with new stories to tell and new friends to race.

The Criminal Justice Field Is The Topic Of Offender...

One topic that is a very important in the criminal justice field is the topic of offender rehabilitation. Offender rehabilitation should be continually studied to find new and better ways of rehabilitating offenders. This is incredible important especially with the recidivism rates that are seen around the country. In Indiana, in 2015 recidivism rates increased slightly for the 2nd time in as many years. Of those offenders released in 2012, 38.2% were recommitted to the Indiana Department of Correction within three years of their release date, for either a new conviction or a violation of post-release supervision (2015 Adult Recidivism Summary, 2015). There are several sources that support the issue that recidivism in correctional issues are of real importance, such as the National Institute of Justice, who believes recidivism is one of the most fundamental concepts in criminal justice (National Institute of Justice, 2016). The U.S. Department of Justice and the National Institute of Corrections relate that state sentencing policies have resulted in historically high rates of offender recidivism with some of the highest incarceration rates in the world (U.S. Department of Justice, 2016) One of the points of prison is to prevent offenders from reverting to their criminal behavior after being released into society. However, the life of an offender does not always prepare him or her for normal living in society. Recidivism means that an offender either repeats or relapses intoShow MoreRelatedThe Rise of Inmate Population1054 Words   |  4 Pagesincarcerations on the rise, the inmate population across the nation is becoming a serious topic of debate in today’s society regarding both political and economic issues. With most prisons working at thirty-nine per cent over capacity, it is becoming not only a hazard for the guards and inmates, but for the reputation of the justice system itself (Bewig). Many see prison incarceration as a way of radically reforming the criminal into a â€Å"normal† citizen. Prison is often thought of as a reformatory, a place whereRead MoreExpository Essay : The Criminal Justice Department1081 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 101-I November 18 2015 Expository essay on college major Introduction The Criminal Justice Department provides educational opportunities to help gain skills and knowledge in the areas of criminal delinquent process, criminology, and corrections while evaluating moral and ethical issue of public servants. As a student at Chowan University my career path is law enforcement. I stride to obtain a Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Track, B.S degree, obtaining this degree will prepare me for myRead MoreInvestigation Of Criminal Justice And Corrections1539 Words   |  7 Pages Criminal Justice and Corrections Staci Pribbenow Kaplan University Introduction Criminal justice has been a passion of mine for many years. 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In this paper I will be addressing the issues that lay within the current probation and parole officer training and then proposing a solution to the issue of providing further education for probation and parole officers. The current systemRead MoreSocial Constructionism, Positivism and Classicism Essay1826 Words   |  8 Pages * positivism * social constructionism The role of theory in contemporary youth justice practice is crucial in shaping and conceptualising relationships between youth and crime. It provides a structure for how youth justice is practiced and helps make sense of today’s issues surrounding the topic. Approaches to youth justice have evolved throughout the centuries and it is important for youth justice practitioners to be aware of the evolution of theory in order to be up to date with their

My Literacy Narrative - 1678 Words

Viola France Composition 1 Brown Mackie College Darla Goodroad, Instructor Paper 1 January 10,2013 I ve loved to read and write ever since I was taught my ABC s for the first time. It s been a huge part of my life in a lot of different aspects. I learned how to read when I was three years old because I went to a daycare where I was the youngest kid and the only one who couldn t read. Reading and writing just stuck with me after that. After I started reading better than my older daycare-mates, school was ready for me to conquer. The school put me with older kids right away and I was in English class with 3rd graders when I was in kindergarten. It helped me out with making friends and I always got along with older kids better†¦show more content†¦When we had our end of the day free time, I would sit with the teacher and another classmate as she taught them to read. Since I loved learning almost anything, I thought all my friends and classmates should too. On my birthday, I brought in my favorite book to read out loud to the class. The book was â€Å"Froggy s First Kissâ₠¬  by Jonathon London, and I was nervous. But, the class thought it was cool and almost everyone read a book to our class by the end of the year. Reading was all right after kindergarten and didn t become really fun again until I got older and started reading historical fiction and non-fiction. I realized that my favorite thing to read was about people and/or events that may or may not have shaped our history. Since I started really enjoying reading historical books, social studies became one of my favorite subjects and helped out in school because I would enjoy almost all of my classes. Higher grades were a result of this too, even though I didn t really like middle school and couldn t wait to go to high school. When I finally took that journalism class, I was really excited to learn the writing style for magazines and newspapers. 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Movie Review on Crash Free Essays

The movie started with Don Cheadle, who played a Los Angeles detective, commenting about how people interact with each other. He said that the act of touching is prevented by the existence of artificial elements such as metal and glass. Because of this, people have the tendency to crash with one another in order to feel each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Review on Crash or any similar topic only for you Order Now This thought provoking line summarizes the entire plot of the movie which revolved around racism and stereotyping. The term â€Å"crash† described the many conflicting events among the main characters that transpired in the movie. It defined the multifaceted relationships of people from different cultural backgrounds, colors of the skin and socio-economic status. There were many concepts in the movie that emphasized differences in race and gender that manifested the following power, discrimination, hate crime, racism, wealth, sexual harassment, ethnicity, minority, prejudice, stereotype, segregation, pluralism, assimilation, scapegoat, crime against property and gender stratification. Power was seen in the scene where the District Attorney played by Brendan Fraser got prioritized by the LAPD when his vehicle was stolen. He used his stature as a government official in order for the police force to immediately handle and resolve his case. Meanwhile, I saw a form of discrimination when Matt Dillon who played a white racist cop, called the hospital to inquire about the medical treatment needed by his father. Throughout their conversation, he was very unsatisfied so when he asked who was he talking to, the person at the other end of the line, gave a name that was a typical Black name and Dillon immediately assumed that the reason behind the unsatisfactory service was because he was dealing with a Black person. An example of hate crime was also depicted in the movie. When the Persian store owner assumed that the Hispanic locksmith was behind the damaging of his property because the locksmith looked like a typical gangster or criminal, he tried to kill him by shooting him in front of his home. Luckily, the locksmith was unharmed from the incident. In relation with this, prior to this incident, the Persian tried to buy a gun for him and his family’s protection from an American-owned gun store. The American owner refused to sell a gun to the Persian because the owner associated the Persian with the Arab Muslims who were responsible for the 9/11 terrorist attack. This was a form of racism that showed intolerance for another social or racial group. On the other hand, wealth was evident with the characters of Bullock and Fraser who played a rich white couple while Howard and Newton’s characters who were the well to do black couple. These characters symbolized that fame and fortune can be attained and enjoyed irregardless of the color of the skin. In another scene in the movie, I saw an act of sexual harassment between a black woman who was the victim and the white man who was the harasser. It is the scene where the character of Dillon pulled over a vehicle of a black couple and interrogated them. During the interrogation, Dillon physically searched the character of Newton who played the rich black wife of Terrence Howard, a big shot black producer. Dillon inappropriately touched the body of Newton which implied an unwelcome sexual advance. On another note, at the beginning of the movie, several cultural identities were presented. A black man, a Hispanic woman and an Asian woman were convened together in one place because of a car crash. This scene portrayed the fusion of different ethnic groups in one area wherein their different languages, beliefs and culture signifying the existence of various ethnicity in LA. However, multiculturalism also entails having minority groups. In the movie, Chinese illegal immigrants were being sold as slaves by Americans in downtown Los Angeles. This scene illustrated that the Chinese are still considered as a minority or a subordinate group in an American dominated city where they are deprived of their basic needs. Meanwhile, prejudice was seen when the character of Bullock clutched the arms of her husband upon seeing two African-American males walking on the same sidewalk as they are. Bullock’s action showed her hasty judgment of the two blacks. She assumed that they were gangsters or robbers so she made a gesture seeking protection from her husband. In a similar scenario, Bullock stereotyped a Hispanic locksmith with a gangster because of his shaved head and tattoos. This is a form of stereotyping wherein one generalizes a specific concept to anyone who typifies that concept. Meanwhile, segregation is apparent in the scene where people of Mexican or Hispanic origin are usually typecast in blue collar jobs such as domestic works or construction. In the movie, the housekeeper of Bullock and Fraser was a Hispanic woman. Because of the housekeeper’s nationality and the nature of her job, Bullock constantly looked down on the capability and intelligence of the Hispanic woman. Moreover, pluralism was shown by demonstrating Los Angeles as a pluralist city. LA was seen as a place where Black and White Americans, Asians and Hispanics have preserved their respective cultural identities amid the diversity. Meanwhile, Terrence Howard played the character of Cameron Thayer who was a successful black television producer. The TV industry was dominated by whites. Howard managed to be assimilated to the dominant group by succumbing to the demands and wants of the whites at the expense of disregarding his own wants and opinions. This is a clear example of cultural assimilation. Meanwhile, in the scene where Detective Graham Waters played by Don Cheadles was investigating a shooting scene between a black man and a white LAPD officer, he learned that the police officer was guilty of doing illegal activities. In order to preserve the good image and integrity of the LAPD, the black man was used as an scapegoat by pinpointing him as the instigator of the crime. On the other hand, crime against property was illustrated when the store of the Persian was thrashed. They were subjected to such offensive behavior because of their similar physical appearance with the Arabs who were highly discriminated in the U.S. because of the 9/11 attack. Last but not the least, gender stratification was demonstrated in the movie through the scene where the Persian woman was urging the American gun store owner to sell them a hand gun. Instead the owner verbally harassed the Persian woman indicating the status of women in a male-dominated society. Generally, women are perceived as sex objects or domesticated beings. References Cheadle, D., Haggis, P., Moresco, R., Schulman, C., Yari, B. (Producers) Haggis, P.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Director).(2004). Crash [Motion Picture]. U.S.A.: Lion Gate Films. How to cite Movie Review on Crash, Essay examples

Development Strategy and Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Development Strategy and Leadership. Answer: Introduction: The customers flow with the general flow of the market. In the framework of the existing subject matter, Markey et al. (2007) claimed that the customers have various latent demands within self and expect the organisations to introduce the products that manage to mitigate the latent demand of the customers. Considering the example of Maggie, the product launched by Nestle. Herein, the RD (Research and Development) team has enabled to find out the hidden demand of the customers on the instant foods. Thus, the customers could align the product category with its latent demand. The product success of Maggie is the outcome. More than the customers, the organisations figure out the product needs of the customers. The factor influencing the purchasing behaviour of the customers Marketing campaigns The buzz created by the campaign before the product launching Greater awareness of the products The celebrity endorsement often develops the product need within the customers. The catchy execution of the marketing campaign often develops the interest of the customers for the new products According to Hinterhuber Bertini (2011), in the majority of the times the customers highly get indulgence with the daily life schedule, therefore, hardly get the time that to the analyser of latent demand for the new products. Thus, in the majority of the times, certain brands manage to introduce the products that exactly mitigate the customers' latent demand. However, due to the poor execution style of the campaign, the customers can hardly manage to relate the individual demand criteria with the products. Economic conditions The disposable income of the customers is the primary product purchase concern. The customers spending decisions are highly influenced by the economic situations prevailing in the market. In the majority of the times, the 54% of the customers leave the online products in the shopping cart. 28% of the customers have the tendency of abandoning the shopping cart if displayed with the unexpected shipping cost. Markey et al. (2007) asserted that affirmative economic surroundings are known to make the consumers more certain and disposed to indulge in the purchases despite the personal financial liabilities. Group influence The verbal communication often develops the product demand within the customers. For example, certain customers highly get interested towards the products that have displayed its campaign before its launching. The customers spread the message in the group and influence the other customers for the product purchase. Hinterhuber Bertini (2011) mentioned that the influential primary group like the family members, classmates, and the secondary influential group like the neighbours have a greater influence on the consumer purchasing decisions. For example, the group have liked for the fast food often waits for the discounted offerings realised by the brands like KFC and McDonalds. Similarly, the other customers also get develop the similar interest due to the special offerings. Customer behavioural aspect towards the new product The customers highly wait for the products that are executed with lucrative marketing styles High percentages of the people decide on the purchasing decision based on the brand statements Sometimes the financial condition plays the major role in the customers behavioural action toward the new products. For example, the teenagers are main targets for the beauty and the personal care products. However, the majority of the teenagers fail to purchase the products that have already received an acceptance during the test marketing approach. However, Markey et al. (2007) stated that certain customers are highly aware of the product needed to fetch the personal criteria. Therefore, certain segments initiate to research on the product categories and highly wait for the launching of the upcoming products. Reason behind product purchases, Marketing or self-developed demand The purchasing decision often fluctuates between the self-developed demands to the marketing presentations the brand does for its new products. In the framework of the similar context, Hinterhuber Bertini (2011) asserted that the customer segment of Apple Inc highly waits for its upcoming products and its features. Therefore, the individual needs of the customers and the marketing technique of the enterprise get into an alignment. Markey et al. (2007) inferred that certain percentages of the customers provide a blank attitude towards the new products that are launched in the market. However, the customers are getting updated with the product innovation technique, thus, provides effective feedbacks to the brands that initiate the test marketing policy before the new product launch. Thus, certain percentages of the customers decide on the purchasing decision after the marketing campaign, yet, few segments are highly aware of the usefulness of the new products. Therefore, gets convinced by the marketing initiatives taken for the new products. Economic man model Price effect Lower price margin influences the greater purchase of the commodities. Despite the brand conscious concept, the customers have the tendency of purchasing the products that provide discounted offerings. However, there lies a contradictory statement, where the customers are no likeable to purchase the products of the premium brands at a lower price range. The customers purchasing decisions highly depends on the product category. For example, The customers prefer to purchase the electronics products at a considerable price range. Conversely, the supermarket products are primarily expected with the discounted offerings. Substitution effect Lower the price of the substitution products, the utility of the original products would be lowered. Hinterhuber Bertini (2011) inferred that the products categories that have huge percentages of the competitors in the market need to keep the price at an average range. Thus, customers have the tendency of keeping a floating attitude towards the products that have huge substitutes in the market. For example, in case the price margin of Coke increases, the customers have the relative choices of shifting towards the product category of Pepsi. However, certain customers have generated the loyalty towards a specific set of products. Thus, after assessing on the responses of the loyal customers, the brands enhance the product prices. Income effect The purchasing attitude towards the new products enhances with the increased income level. As the numbers of resources are limited, the customers would assign the available finance towards the products that maximise the satisfaction of the individual demands. Price is utilised as the measure of sacrifice in purchasing the products. The foremost objective of the customers is to maximise its satisfaction out of the act of purchase. References: Hinterhuber, A. Bertini, M. (2011) Profiting When Customers Choose Value Over Price,Business Strategy Review, 22(1), 4649. Markey, R., Ott, J. du Toit, G. (2007) Winning new customers using loyaltyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based segmentation,Strategy Leadership, 35(3). 3237.

Crafting Tourism Industry Content

CRAFTING TOURISM INDUSTRY CONTENT By Jennifer Babisak The award-winning television drama â€Å"Mad Men† fed viewers much more than a weekly dose of suspense and eye-candy. Though the focus sometimes drifted more to Don Draper’s sexcapades than his creative mind, the show still gave an intriguing peek into the inner workings of an advertising agency. The Art of Emotional Appeal The tourism industry would do well to pay attention to some of the marketing strategies that Sterling Cooper Draper Price employed during the show’s seven seasons. For instance, Don was a master of crafting emotional appeal. This device isnt a spaceship, its a time machine,† he said of a Kodak slide projector, â€Å"It’s called a carousel. It lets us travel the way a child travels, around and around and back home again to a place where we know we are loved.† The efficacy of such emotional appeal applies to much more than slide projectors. Emotive appeals work particularly well in the tourism industry, where destinations have spun their wheels with straightforward marketing techniques, targeting consumers’ rational purchasing-power, for far too long. Vacation Time and Stress-Management Americans have a track-record of exceedingly poor stress management. In addition to financial and health stressors, the widespread use of smartphones has brought twenty-four hour workplace connectivity and an unending barrage of horrific news headlines. You would think a chronic stressful lifestyle would send employees running for the hills come vacation time. But a recent Harris Interactive survey presented the startling finding that American employees only use 51% of their eligible paid vacation time and paid time off. Yes, you read that correctly. Chronically stressed employees are leaving vacation time sitting on the shelf. They want vacations, need vacations, and have the means to take vacations. All that lacks is an effective tourism industry appeal, motivating enough to cause Americans to break through their fog of stress and take the action of booking a vacation. And guess what? Bulleted lists reciting a destination’s most recent million-dollar renovations won’t spur the apathetic consumer to action. What these potential tourists- ripe for the persuading- need is carefully constructed marketing content brimming with emotional appeal. Emotional Content Standouts Major destinations are waking up to the value of using emotional appeal in marketing campaigns. Most notably, Las Vegas employed the incredibly successful tagline, â€Å"What happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas,† refining its image as a hedonistic escape from the boundaries of daily life. And the longest running tourism campaign in history, â€Å"Virginia is for Lovers,† began back in 1969. In the ensuing years, Virginia has capitalized on the marketing value of those words- posturing itself as a romantic getaway filled with warmth and charm. But emotive content goes beyond concise taglines. The New Orleans Convention and Visitors Bureau recently launched a campaign to commemorate the 10th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina. The CVB sent out an emotionally-charged series of e-mails, thanking travel industry professionals for their coverage of the city and highlighting its advances in the decade since Katrina. The president of the CVB kicked off the campaign with an e-mail containing this message: , â€Å"So as we look back at what happened here 10 years ago, we want to give thanks to all of you who took us in when we had no place to go, helped us tell our story when we had no voice, helped us rebuild our homes and our city from ruin, celebrated our victories, showcased to the world what makes our city so special, and those of you who simply came to be our guests as we put the pieces back together. In the next nine days leading up to the 10th anniversary of Katrina, we will be sending you a short video, showcasing some of the improved aspects of New Orleans.† Tugs at the heartstrings, right? And it creates, or renews, an emotional attachment to the city, drawing visitors in more than a simple list of â€Å"improved aspects† ever could. Note in his message where he thanks writers who â€Å"helped us tell our story.† That’s the goal of effective emotionally driven tourism content telling the unique story of a destination. Finding the Right Words So how do you find the magical, emotive words that will lure droves of tourists to your destination? It’s actually a combination of careful research- discovering where your intended audience and your unique offerings intersect- along with meticulously crafted written content: Evaluate where your revenue lags. Do you need to boost business during the week or on weekends? During peak times or off-season? Having a concrete goal in mind will help you focus on the proper audience. Pinpoint your ideal tourist. Based on your revenue assessment, you should know whether you’re looking to attract more mid-week business travelers, family weekenders, or retired snowbirds. Familiarize yourself with the profile of your intended audience. Discover the desires of your audience. What motivates these people to travel? Are they seeking escape, adventure, serenity, or relaxation? Hone in on a specific emotional motivation. Review the offerings of your destination, searching for particular experiences that will appeal to your audience’s emotions. You don’t have to highlight your destination’s entire range- specific and well-defined focus on an emotionally appealing experience is in order. Carefully craft your content, highlighting your chosen experiences in a fashion likely to appeal to your chosen audience. Take care to tailor your writing style to the vernacular of your audience. Genteel retirees aren’t likely to respond well to copy littered with hipster slang, while millennials magnetize to key-words tailored to their generation. Maintain consistency across all modes of communication. Don’t cast your destination in one light on Facebook while presenting a different image in print brochures. Find your identity, articulate it well, and stay true to your message. Such a strategy holds great potential for payoff. After all, the travel and tourism industry has an annual economic impact of around $6.5 trillion U.S. dollars, worldwide. And a Choice Hotels International  survey found that Americans plan to spend 8% more on leisure travel and 5% more per trip in 2015 than they did the previous year. With carefully-crafted, emotionally-driven content, you can ensure that a good chunk of those $6.5 trillion dollars lands squarely on your destination’s doorstep.

Osama Bin Laden Research Paper Essays

Osama Bin Laden Research Paper Essays Osama Bin Laden Research Paper Essay Osama Bin Laden Research Paper Essay Osama Bin Laden; the mastermind of 9/11 Christian Hanke December 21, 2012 World History Period 1 Osama Bin Laden changed the world on September 11, 2012, when he orchestrated the 9/11 bombings on the World Trade Center in New York City. He has also formulated many other attacks including the October 2000 attack on the USS Cole, and attacks on the US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in 1998 (Encyclopedia of World 1).Osama Bin Laden had a negative influence on societies, economies, and religion throughout the world because of his actions in masterminding many radical terrorist attacks, and because he created and funded al-Qaeda. Osama Bin Laden had a dramatic effect not only on the society of the United States but also worldwide. These radical attacks have resulted in changes to the way society conducts business, travel, immigration, and most importantly, how people view and trust each other. Simply put, it has in many ways resulted in a drastic change to many p eople’s behaviour. The attacks of 9/11 resulted in increased security exponentially.Read also   ANALYSIS OF OUR SECRET BY SUSAN GRIFFINAfter these attacks, airport security was amplified. Other security measures were implemented such as every time someone flies they are required to undergo body scanning; they have to remove shoes and belts, and all liquids over three point four ounces must be packed in checked luggage (Johanson 13). All these measures are now enforced to ensure maximum safety and security in airports. Instead of being able to breeze through the airport and board their flight, people are required to be there two hours early, which has become a necessary inconvenience and a time consuming practice.After the 9/11 attacks, people were very hesitant to fly because they were afraid. To help ease the anxiety of flying and perform the safety precautions, the United States created the Transportation Security Administration. The TSA hired over 50,000 people to work in airports across the country and have found to date over fifty million prohibited items, 5,000 of them being firearms (Johanson 7-10). Since Osama Bin Laden’s various attacks, some airlines like Canada 3000 and Swiss Air were on the verge of going bankrupt.To counteract this, the airlines crammed more seats in their airplanes, cut the complimentary food service, and reduced flights (Johanson 22). This inconveniences the passengers because there is less space and comfort on board and with less flights, not everyone may get a seat on their flight. Osama Bin Laden had a direct impact on the way we travel, has put anxiety in the minds of innocent people wanting or needing to travel on an airplane, and caused changes in the way commercial airlines conduct businesses.Osama Bin Laden has affected society worldwide through the lives lost in 9/11 and America’s war on terrorism. Osama Bin Laden was responsible for the many deaths that occurred as a result of his terrorist atta cks. In the wake of 9/11, approximately 3000 people died (Newsmakers 1). This not only affected the people that died, but also the people that love them, witnessed their death, their neighbours, the community around them, and also the world. An enormous amount of grief was felt throughout the world and many societies were humbled.Another way Osama Bin Laden has impacted society is the number of troops, particularly American, that have been sent to Afghanistan and Iraq to fight in the war on terrorism. Approximately 70,000 troops were sent to Iraq and Afghanistan (Encyclopedia of World 23). This affected both their own lives and also their loved ones, not knowing if they are alive, putting a great amount of fear in millions of people’s lives worldwide. The cost of the war on terrorism has not only been human lives. Governments across the world have had to fund the increased deployments and make revisions in their budgets for the future.Finally, there has been a large death tol l incurred by innocent Muslims living in both America and on the battlefield. In retaliation to the 9/11 bombings, many Americans discriminated against Muslim Americans and many cases resulted in violence. Muslim lives have been lost fighting for Al-Qaeda and innocent civilians have died, being caught in the middle of this war. Osama Bin Laden is responsible for changing society and the lives of many Americans, troops and his own followers. Osama Bin Laden left his mark on society by his role in inflicting terror nto the hearts and minds of people worldwide. What is so frightening about terrorism is that it could happen anywhere and anytime. Bin Laden used this advantage of mystery to plant the seed of fear into people’s minds worldwide. In October 2001, according to a Gallup poll, forty six percent of Americans said terrorism was America’s biggest problem (Grier 47). This shows that Osama Bin Laden has had an enormous and lasting influence on the way Americans think a nd why they may do certain things.Osama Bin Laden had such a great influence on Americans and their minds that the CIA released a bounty worth $25 million for Bin Laden. New York City authorities put posters up around New York City showing again how much the capture of Osama Bin Laden was worth to America and how much he had affected society. This is evidenced in figure one, showing that officials want Bin Laden dead or alive. Osama Bin Laden destroyed billions of people’s peace of mind worldwide. The 9/11 attacks were carried out in conditions of everyday life, which was in essence using the element of surprise as a weapon.What is more terrifying is that he managed to install his people into our communities. These terrorists lived amongst us until Osama Bin Laden gave his orders. This effectively created a feeling of mistrust and paranoia after the 9/11 attacks. It certainly had a great impact on the state of mind of many Americans. Osama Bin Laden impacted society by influe ncing the modification of the security systems, being responsible for killing thousands of people, and putting terror in millions of people’s minds worldwide.While Osama Bin Laden had an extraordinary influence on how people around the world feel and behave he also had a negative impact on America’s economy. One way Bin Laden left his mark on the United States economy is that his actions caused the United States to spend billions of dollars for the military, defence, and security sectors. In the years of 2006-2008, military spending increased by $540 million to supply weapons and transportation to fight the war on terror and to deploy troops into Pakistan and Afghanistan to find Bin Laden (Griffin 17).This huge expense would not have been incurred if Bin Laden had not executed the attack on the World Trade Centre. These funds could have been spent on other things, like paying off the national debt or providing better education and healthcare for American citizens. Not only did Bin Laden cause the United States spend unnecessary money on finding him, but he also affected society by redistributing $540 million of potential funding which could have been used in improvements in society. This money was spent on defence and the security sectors.All three of these divisions boosted the United States debt to $14. 3 trillion (Burger 8). Osama Bin Laden cost the United States lots of resources, money, and time in the search for their peace of mind. Osama Bin Laden’s actions have caused friction amongst Middle Eastern and western countries, raising the prices of goods from these nations, in particular oil. After the 9/11 attacks, the unhealthy relationship between Islamic countries and America made Muslims reluctant to trade, resulting in an increase in the oil price. Before 9/11, oil prices were $1. 3, per gallon but they have increased to a current price of $3. 65 per gallon (Miley 16). Obviously, with the price of gas skyrocketing by over $2 after 9/11, resources have become very expensive to obtain and has put many Americans in difficulties financially because it is a huge increase that has to be accounted for. Other resources such as gold have experienced price increases. At the time of the 9/11 bombings, gold was priced at $271. 5 per ounce however it is now very expensive, rising to $1821 per ounce (Miley 13-14).The price of gold after 9/11 has risen over 600%, while the American dollar has lost one third of its value. Since the 9/11 attacks, the increased price of many plentiful goods within the Middle East has made it more difficult for people to pay for them. Another way Bin Laden affected The United State’s economy is due to his role in planning the destruction caused which resulted in the reparations the insurance companies owed, and the time and money spent cleaning the devastation.Firstly, in the attacks that killed over 3,000 people, it cost an estimated $1. 5 billion to clear the devastation where the Wor ld Trade Centre stood (Giffin 13). This cost in clearing the remains, moving it and disposing of it was a large expense which otherwise would have been used on other necessary expenditure such as education or roads. These funds were spent on an event that could not have been predicted or budgeted for. The cost to America can also be accounted in for the time of thousands of workers and the effort of volunteers.Another way this incident affected the economy is in the insurance claims that were owed to millions of people. These insurance claims include life insurance, auto insurance, and property insurance. The combination of lives lost and damage of properties led to and estimated $40 billion price tag in insurance claims (Giffin 7). This huge toll on insurance companies made many companies bankrupt, and if not bankrupt, premiums became very expensive for people wanting to purchase insurance.The cost of disposing and clearing the site where the World Trade Centre stood and the insura nce claims incurred after the attack crippled the economy, especially that of New York City. After the attacks of 9/11, many other struggles within the United States economy arose. One example of this is that the unemployment rate in the United States almost doubled. Prior to 9/11, the unemployment rate was four point nine percent but soon after, the unemployment rate rose to nine point one percent (Miley 7-8).As a result of the terrorist attacks over 600,000 jobs were lost, 226,000 of them in the travel industry (Miley 7-8). This huge cut of workers left many people struggling to survive, becoming homeless, and relying on welfare or other sorts of government aide to survive. With a large demand for supplies to aid homeless people, this increased the United States debt even further, setting the debt deeper by the millions. Thousands of small businesses were destroyed by the wreckage in New York City, from the collapse of the World Trade Centre and financially.Approximately 18,000 sm all businesses in lower Manhattan, particularly around the site of World Trade Centre, were either physically destroyed by flying debris or financially crushed without income to offset the costs to repair their shops (Giffin 8). These small businesses were particularly hurt because they did not have large cash reserves or other stores to make sure they were earning money. Instead, they were out of business for six weeks while repairs were being made in lower Manhattan.This lead to the large amount of unemployment that occurred and also left many people bankrupt. The attacks of 9/11 that Osama Bin Laden formulated had a demoralizing toll on America’s economy by increasing unemployment, destroying small businesses, skyrocketing the prices of goods and forcing America to pay hundreds of thousands of dollars to ensure safety and to find the man behind all the chaos and devastation. Osama Bin Laden was a very influential person and he used his power to change his religion for the worse.One way that he did this is that he encouraged a violent form of Islam called Islamism. With his extreme wealth, inheriting $300 million at age thirteen when his father died (Encyclopedia of World 4), and power, he has influenced millions of Muslims to adopt his ideas and beliefs that encouraged violence. In Osama Bin Ladens â€Å"Jihad against Jews and Crusaders†, Osama Bin Laden encourages Muslims worldwide that it is their duty religiously to kill all Americans and their allies whenever possible (bin laden, Osama).Bin Laden promoted a very extremist form of Islam and was able to spread it throughout the Muslim world. He proposed to kill other people because they were of a different religion and belief, even though they may be innocent of any religious hate crimes. He executed these attacks in many different ways, including bombings, assassinations, and cyber attacks (Al Qaeda 2). This added to his repertoire as being very dangerous and helped his followers strive for their mission of the Jihad. He was very intolerant to other religions and wanted others to follow in his path.Bin Laden changed views about religion and religious tolerance worldwide by increasing the stereotypes towards Middle Eastern or Islamic people being terrorists. Many forms of violence against Muslims or people with dark skin and dark hair occurred after 9/11 in retaliation for the attack. Osama Bin Laden therefore negatively affected religion, because innocent Muslims are being discriminated against because of Bin Ladens attacks. Osama Bin Laden had a huge negative influence on religion, the economy, and society worldwide.He masterminded the 9/11 attacks, which devastated the affected communities, America and the world in general. He encouraged a skewed version of Islam that is violent and extreme. Osama Bin Laden put fear in billions of people’s minds worldwide through his terrorist actions that will never be forgotten. Osama Bin Laden, as the leader of Al-Qaeda an d the man behind 9/11, will always be infamous as the man who changed the way westerner’s view modern day terrorism. Al Qaeda. Crime and Punishment in America Reference Library. Ed. Richard C. Hanes, et al.Vol. 4: Primary Sources. Detroit: UXL, 2005. 214-232. Gale World History In Context. Web. 9 Dec. 2012. bin Laden, Osama. Terrorism Reference Library. Ed. Matthew May, James L. Outman, and Elisabeth M. Outman. Vol. 3: Primary Sources. Detroit: UXL, 2003. 109-118. Gale World History In Context. Web. 9 Dec. 2012. Grier, Peter. The Bin Laden Effect. The Christian Science Monitor 7 May 2011: n. pag. Print. How September 11 2001 Changed the U. S. Economy. Best Bank Rates | Compare the Best Interest Rates Today. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Dec. 2012. Johanson, Mark. How 9/11 Changed the Way We Travel. International Business Times 9 Sept. 2011: n. pag. Print. Miley, John. The Economy before and after 9/11. MSNMoney. N. p. , 7 Sept. 2011. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. Osama bin Laden and al-Qa eda. Terrorists and Terrorist Groups. Ed. Stephen Currie. San Diego: Lucent Books, 2002. 69-83. Lucent Terrorism Library. Gale World History In Context. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. Osama bin Laden. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 22. Detroit: Gale, 2002. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. Osama Bin Laden. Newsmakers. Vol. . Detroit: Gale, 2012. Gale World History In Context. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. Wanted signs of Osama bin Laden have been posted on buildings, subway stations, and bus shelters America Under Attack: Primary Sources. Ed. Tamara L. Roleff. San Diego: Lucent Books, 2002. Lucent Terrorism Library. Gale World History In Context. Web. 9 Dec. 2012. Washick, Joseph. 9-11 Effect on the Economy Remembering 9-11. Trulia Real Estate, Homes for Sale, Apartments for Rent, Local data. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Dec. 2012. (â€Å"Wanted Signs†) Figure 1

Paul Klee Creative Credo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paul Klee Creative Credo - Essay Example It's already existing as its own being. However, when it's placed in a painting, it's made more visible to the naked eye. It is able to be readily captured more easily than if it were standing on its own. The artist simply brought it "more" to life. Moreover, Klee does not believe that an object should be contained and not admired. He believes that it should be looked at admiringly and often in several different ways. Klee does not think that a painting starts and ends with just a simple drawing. However, he believes that a measure of thought should be put into the strokes. He believes that your mind should be focused on your painting because, when your total attention is on the painting, you will be able to notice the details that it needs. As a matter of fact, he favors Anselm Feuerbach, a German artist who believed that artists must have a chair in order to work. Feuerbach thinking is that the chair will rest the artist's legs hence enabling him to better devote his mind to his painting. He believed that time was necessary in order to make great art, and he didn't believe that it should be rushed. Klee also considers space to be a very important concept when regarding art. He believe that movement was essential to art, on both the artist's and the viewer's part.

Strategy definition of Lloyds bank TSB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategy definition of Lloyds bank TSB - Essay Example yers in the industry, who prove to be large-scale retailers, this company’s focus is ensuring that it can register growth (Competitor strategies & industry trends 2014, p. 20). This is the reason why it intends to register a 40 to 50 % growth in its balance sheets in a period of five years. This is achievable because of the increasing growth in mortgages (How Lloyds responds to changes in the business environment 2014, p. 3). The Lloyds TSB banks need to continue registering growth if the group is to remain a leader in the UK banking sector. The company will focus on its core business and invest more in its iconic brands, factors that will ensure a high level of profitability (Lloyds Banking Group plc SWOT Analysis 2014, p. 6). Lloyds Bank TSBs business strategy focuses on the customer. This strategy was developed after realizing that customers were the most important entities in any business. If the bank can satisfy customers, then it is assured of registering growth. It intends to offer all its customers an outstanding experience (Lloyds TSB Bank 2010, p. 29). This experience is defined by reliability, consistency, and convenience. Moreover, the bank will invest in its digital capability, providing a platform for online and mobile branches, a factor that will present customers with the increased convenience of banking (Patrick 2011, p. 29). In addition, the bank is determined to open up networks of branches that can meet the emerging needs and preferences of customers. The Lloyds Bank TSB has the three categories of its customers as the core of its business. It intends to keep helping households, communities, and businesses (Ray 2013, p. 55). Through its mortgage plans, the Lloyds Bank TSB offers househo lds the opportunity to own a home. In addition, it helps the entire British community register economic growth and have the appropriate social wellbeing by using its experience and expertise. Moreover, the Lloyds Bank TSB has the intention of continuing to

Childhood sexual abuse and effects on marital functioning

Childhood sexual abuse and effects on marital functioning Childhood sexual abuse victimization has detrimental effects on a womans intimate relationships. Adult survivors of child sexual abuse may show difficulties in interpersonal relationships, including avoidance or fear of intimacy, showing low emotional engagement with partners and a pattern of withdrawing from couple interaction during times of high emotion. Adult survivors also may have trouble with trust and may have a poor sense of boundaries and have a sense of powerlessness. Survivors of this trauma often have difficulty establishing and maintaining intimate relationships and experience a high rate of sexual dysfunction. Also, women with child sexual abuse experiences are twice as likely to experience rape as adults and to report having been physically abused by their partners. Thus, this paper will guide me to this paper will channel me to conform and portray substantiation to my claim that childhood sexual abuse operates as a precursor to marital dissonance and marital dissatis faction. It may be unfair, but what happens in a few days, sometimes even a single day, can change the course of a whole lifetime. The Kite Runner Khaled Hosseini Childhood sexual abuse: The subject of child sexual abuse is still a taboo in India. A conspiracy of silence exists around the subject of abuse and a large percentage of people feel that this is a largely western problem and thus abuse, especially child sexual abuse does not occur in our country. Part of the reason of course lies in a traditional conservative family and community structure that does not talk about sex and sexuality at all (Study on Child Abuse: India 2007). Most of the time, parents do not talk to their children about sexuality and during puberty girls are not told about the physical and emotional changes that take place. What then happens is that all forms of sexual abuse that a child faces do not get reported even to close individuals. Children do not realize that they are being abused most of the time. Most victims report having buried the incident as a painful and shameful one not to be ever told to anyone (RAHI, 1998). As defined by the World Health Organization (1999), CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE is the involvement of a child in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend; is unable to give informed consent to, or that violates the laws or social taboos of society. The activity between a child and an adult or another child who by development or age is in a relationship of trust, power or responsibility with the activity being intended to gratify or satisfy the need of the other person is what child sexual abuse is evident by (W.H.O., 1999). This may include but not limited to: The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful activity The exploitative use of a child in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices The exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials. Sexual violence is any act which may be verbal and/or physical which threatens to break a persons trust and/or safety. It includes rape, incest, child sexual assault, marital rape, sexual harassment, exposure and voyeurism. Yet, sexual abuse can be defined as severe forms of sexual abuse and other forms of sexual abuse. Severe forms of sexual abuse include: assault, including rape and sodomy; touching or fondling the child; exhibitionism forcing a child to exhibit his/her private body parts and photographing a child in nude. Other forms of sexual abuse include: forcible kissing; sexual advances towards a child during travel; sexual advances towards a child during marriage situations or other social occasions; exhibitionism exhibiting before a child and exposing a child to pornographic materials. The World Health Organization (1999) estimates that 150 million girls and 73 million boys under the age of 18 have experienced forced sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual violence involving physical contact. A review of epidemiological surveys from 21 countries, mainly high- and middle- income countries, found that at least 7% of females (ranging up to 36%) and 3% of males (ranging up to 29%) reported sexual victimization during their childhood. According to these studies, between 14% and 56% of the sexual abuse of girls, and up to 25% of the sexual abuse of boys, was perpetrated by relatives or step parents. Thus, it is important to understand the implications of such traumatic experiences and the effects it has on an individuals latter life. Child sexual abuse and its severity, onset and duration of abuse have a crippling effect on the victims life. There are a number of possible pathways by which childhood traumas could impact adult relationship outcomes, including marital satisfaction and disruption. Childhood traumas can result in intimacy disturbance (e.g. fearing, distrusting, and experiencing ambivalence about interpersonal closeness; impaired ability to trust), difficulties with sexual relating, increased probability of physical violence and revictimization, problems with emotional expressiveness and intimacy, and emotional avoidance, which may in turn interfere with effective relationship functioning (Briere,1992; Compton Follette,1998). Review of Literature: Clinicians have long operated under the assumption that early abuse represents a traumatic interpersonal experience with the potential to result in long-term difficulties with intimate partner relations. A number of theoretical models also point to intimate partner relations as an area of difficulty for adult survivors (e.g. Alexander, 2003; Finkelhor Browne, 1985; Polusny Follette, 1995). Among these theories, Finkelhor and Brownes (1985) traumagenic dynamics model has received a great deal of attention because of its utility for explicating the processes by which early sexual abuse may affect a variety of long-term outcomes (e.g. Coffey, Henning, Turner, Leitenberg Bennett, 1996). Although developed with sexual abuse in mind, the proposed traumagenic dynamics are likely to be common across various types of child abuse. Briefly, this model holds that the impact of childhood trauma can be accounted for by the dynamics of betrayal, traumatic sexualization, stigmatization, and powerlessness, which are said to alter childrens cognitive and emotional orientation to the world, and create trauma by distorting childrens self-concept, world view, and affective capacities (Finkelhor Browne, 1985). Finkelhor and Brownes (1985) dynamics are useful for conceptualizing how various marital outcomes may be affected by early maltreatment. For example, the dynamic of betrayal may come into play in the aftermath of abuse when victims come to realize that an adult (often a family member) has violated the tacit but fundamental trust that normally exists between children and adults. Neglect represents a breach of trust whereby adults, who are expected to provide care and protection, deprive children of basic needs such as food, shelter, medical care, and supervision. Traumatic sexualization, which refers to developmentally inappropriate and dysfunctional sexual behavior stemming from sexual abuse, may manifest in a variety of lasting difficulties, including increased vulnerability to sexual assault, over-sexualization of adult relationships, or aversion to sexual relations (Finkelhor Browne, 1985). A third process, stigmatization refers to internalized feelings of shame, guilt, and self- blame that arises from experiencing maltreatment. In the case of psychological abuse, for example, stigmatization may evolve from direct berating by the perpetrator. For other forms of maltreatment, stigmatization may develop in response to the secrecy that often surrounds abuse, reactions from family and the broader community upon the discovery of abuse, and from victims themselves. Carried into adulthood, stigmatization may contribute to lack of openness, feelings of detachment, and general dissatisfaction in intimate relations. Finally, the dynamic of powerlessness refers to a lack of self-efficacy that is said to evolve from the uncontrollable and repeated boundary violations that accompany maltreatment. Powerlessness engendered by early sexual and physical abuse may undermine survivors sense of control in relationships, rendering them less effective in asserting their needs during conflict and decision-making interactions with partners. In the extreme, such an imbalance of power or control may become a risk factor for additional victimizations within the marriage. Conversely, a preoccupation with issues of power may also manifest in compensatory striving on the part of victims to maintain or exert personal control in relationships. The extreme form of this tendency may again be linked to aggression, perhaps initiated by victims against their partners. An emerging empirical literature has begun to test clinical and theoretical assumptions linking maltreatment to long-term deficits in couple functioning. Most of these studies have been conducted with women involved in dating relationships. For example, compared to non-abused women, unmarried women recruited from college and community settings who were exposed to child sexual abuse report having less emotional trust in their partners and view their partners as less reliable in following through with important aspects of the relationship (DiLillo Long, 1999; Mullen, Martin, Anderson, Romans, Herbison, 1994). Although studies of sexual functioning typically have focused on female survivors sexual risk-taking that occurs outside the context of committed relationships (e.g. Orcutt, Cooper, Garcia, 2005), maltreatment has also been linked to sexual difficulties with intimate partners (Leonard Follette, 2002). In a study, women with a history of childhood sexual or physical abuse report engaging in less frequent sexual activity (Dinnerstein, Guthrie, Alford, 2004), whereas both women and men who experienced sexual abuse report more symptoms of sexual dysfunction, including pain during intercourse, difficulty achieving and maintaining arousal, premature or delayed orgasm, and anxiety about sexual performance (Najman, Dunne, Purdie, Boyle, Coxeter, 2005). These difficulties may contribute to survivors lower sexual drive and sexual satisfaction (Randolph Reddy, 2006), as well as greater negative affect while sexually aroused (Schloredt Heiman, 2003). Studies of unmarried individuals have found that a history of maltreatment is associated with later psychological, physical, and sexual victimization by an intimate partner (DiLillo, Giuffre, Tremblay, Peterson, 2001; Whitfield, Anda, Dube, Felitti, 2003). Conversely, links have also been found for both men and women between a history of child maltreatment and the perpetration of physical aggression against a partner (DiLillo et al., 2001; White Widom, 2003; Whitfield et al., 2003). Beyond group comparisons of victims and non-victims, evidence suggests a dose-response relationship between maltreatment and partner aggression, such that men and women from a community setting who were exposed to greater adversity as children (including maltreatment) are more likely to perpetrate partner aggression as adults (Anda, Felitti, Bremner, Walker, Whitfield, Perry, 2006). Difficulties in these more specific domains of couple functioning may contribute to general dissatisfaction and ultimately relationship dissolution for victims of maltreatment. For example, cross-sectional findings indicate that individuals with a history of maltreatment are less satisfied in their intimate relationships than are no maltreated individuals (DiLillo Long, 1999; Nelson Wampler, 2000; Whisman, 2006). Moreover, in the few studies that have examined marital functioning, both husbands and wives with a history of sexual abuse, physical abuse, or neglect experienced higher rates of separation and divorce than did spouses without such histories (Colman Widom, 2004; Finkelhor, Hotaling, Lewis, Smith, 1989; Whisman, 2006). The research conducted to date suggests that childhood traumas are indeed associated with marital outcomes in adulthood. For example, evidence from both clinical (Nelson Wampler, 2000) and community (Finkelhor, Hotaling, Lewis, Smith, 1989) samples suggests that childhood sexual abuse is associated with increased likelihood of experiencing relationship problems (DiLillo, 2001; Rumstein-McKean Hunsley, 2001). In addition, a lifetime history of physical attack has been associated with lower marital harmony and lower marital satisfaction in a national, population-based sample (Broman, Riba, Trahan, 1996). However, although the evidence is suggestive that the occurrence of childhood trauma is associated with marital outcomes during adulthood, most existing studies have looked at only one or a few childhood traumas and only one type of marital outcome (e.g., marital disruption or marital satisfaction). Therefore, based on available research, it is difficult to know whether the results obtained from the traumatic events evaluated in existing studies would be found for other traumatic events, and whether specific traumas would be associated with multiple marital outcomes. Similarly, insofar as people who experience one trauma are at elevated risk for experiencing other traumas, it is unknown whether the interpersonal consequences that are attributed to a particular trauma are independently associated with that trauma, or are secondary, due to their shared association with the co-occurring trauma. Finally, as with many studies in the area of marital functioning, samples used in some prior studies are small and not representative of the population of married couples, insofar as they are often based on people in treatment or convenience samples recruited from local communities, which thereby restricts the external validity of studies on childhood trauma and marital outcomes (DiLillo, 2001). Conclusion The current review shows implications for researchers and practitioners alike. Past research has mainly included women although the current literature suggests that among newlywed couples, a history of maltreatment may also be detrimental to husbands marital adjustment. This reinforce the need for future research to take a dyadic approach rather than focusing on only one partner. Maltreatment may have an increasingly negative impact on husbands marital satisfaction over time reinforce the need to examine longer term marital trajectories in relation to mens prior abuse. Extending the examination of change trajectories would enable the testing of the supposition that maltreatment places couples at risk for more quickly reaching critical levels of relationship discord. Studies could also examine the ways that couples with a history of abuse adapt to contextual shifts in the marriage, including those that arise during important developmental transitions already associated with marital de cline (birth of a first child; Huston Holmes, 2004). Clinical writings (Oz, 2001) also suggest that partners of abuse survivors may struggle with unique issues related to their involvement with adult victims. Examining these cross-partner effects will be important to further enhance our understanding of the dyadic impact of early maltreatment. From a treatment standpoint, the early stages of marriage may become increasingly difficult for adult survivors. Thus, child maltreatment should be considered part of the constellation of factors-internal and external to the relationship-with the potential to disrupt marital functioning.

Resolve Conflicts

RESOLVING CONFLICT The conflict resolution requires great managerial skills. Here we are trying to give a solution to a conflict turning it in a constructive side. If one party exercises the principles of interaction, listens, and us the six steps of collaborative resolution, that party may be able to end the conflict constructively. At the very least, he or she may be able to prevent the conflict from turning into a fight by choosing an alternative to destructive interaction? † There is a difference between resolving a conflict and managing conflict.Resolving a conflict ends the dispute by satisfying the interests of both parties. Managing a conflict contains specialized interaction that prevents a dispute from becoming a destructive battle. Managing a conflict attends to the personal issues so as to allow for a constructive relationship, even though the objective issues may not be resolvable. For example, the former Soviet Union and the United States managed their conflict du ring the Cold War by using a variety of mechanisms. The objective issues in the dispute were not resolved, and neither were the personal issues, which contained significant perceptual differences.However, both sides attended significantly to the relationship to keep the disagreement from turning into a destructive battle. Our goal in conflict always should be to seek a resolution based on mutual gain. Realistically, however, resolution is not always possible. When this is the case, we must manage the conflict to ensure that the relationship is constructive and that open communication is maintained. We Listen to Conflict to understand the other party and demonstrate the acceptance required to maintain the relationship

Family Law- Hindu Law

DARSHAN SINGH PATIALVI – ADVOCATE GENERAL | Restitution Of Conjugal Rights: Criticism Revisited| Introduction:- Section 1[1] of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 embodies the concept of  Restitution of Conjugal Rights  under which after solemnization of marriage if one of the spouses abandons the other, the aggrieved party has a legal right to file a petition in the matrimonial court for restitution of conjugal rights. This right can be granted to any of the spouse.This section is identical to section 22 of the Special Marriage Act, 1954. [2] The provision is in slightly different wordings in the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936, but it has been interpreted in such a manner that it has been given the same meaning as under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and the Special Marriage Act, 1954. However, the provision is different under the section 32 Indian Divorce Act, 1869 but efforts are being made to give it such an interpretation so as to bring it in consonance with the other l aws.The provision under Muslim law is almost the same as under the modern Hindu law, though under Muslim law and under the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936 a suit in a civil court has to be filed and not a petition as under other laws. [3]The constitutional validity of the provision has time and again been questioned and challenged. The earliest being in 1983 before the Andhra Pradesh High Court[4] where the Hon'ble High Court held that the impugned section was unconstitutional. The Delhi High Court in  Harvinder Kaur v Harminder Singh,[5] though had non-conforming views.Ultimately Supreme Court in  Saroj Rani v. Sudharshan,[6] gave a judgment which was in line with the Delhi High Court[7] views and upheld the constitutional validity of the section 9 and over-ruled the decision given in  T. Sareetha v. T. Venkatasubbaiah. [8]It is a sad commentary that despite various courts including the Apex Court of the Country upholding the validity of section 9. Many jurists still hav e doubts with respect to the soundness of this section and demand its abolishment.Abolitionist's View The abolitionists argue that it is a remedy that was unknown to Hindu law till the British introduced it in the name of social reforms. Even when the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 was being passed in the Parliament, there were voices of scepticism regarding the efficacy of this remedy. [9] Sir J. Hannen in  Russell v. Russell[10] also vehemently opposed the remedy. Further, they are of the view any law that forces any person to live with another person is contrary to the value of the society.The remedy openly violates the fundamental right to life, privacy and equality hence is unconstitutional. Further more, there is frequently insincerity in the petitioner's intention. The remedy is blatantly misused to achieve ulterior purposes other than reconciliation, the root cause being S. 13 (1-A)(ii) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and has created an additional ground of divorce. Yet another major problem with restitution petitions is that it is used as a defence for maintenance suits. This remedy has been repeatedly misused, abused and exploited. 11]Adding more, the procedure prescribed to enforce this decree under Order 21 Rule 32 of Civil Procedure Code, 1908 is also criticized on the ground that in India, where most of the population and especially women (wife) do not have actual possession over any property. In such cases, if a restitution decree is not complied with, then the court is required to ascertain the share of the wife in the property of her husband, when it is not divided and arrive at her share in the property, but this involves cumbersome procedures.Difficulty also arises if the husband does not have a property in his name. Further, it is not correct to think that coercing a person that his property would be attached and sold away can change the attitude of the adamant spouse and make him obey the decree. Counter View However, in my opinion, section 9 of the Hindu Marriage Act is one of the most misunderstood sections of the Matrimonial law. Despite the controversy it has continuously been upheld by the Judiciary.Even the legislature through various committees and its reports has supported this section. All the reasons so stated by abolitionists can be easily encountered if this socially benefiting section is read in the right light and its essence is understood. It is imperative that a clear understanding of the section 9 is required because it is often invoked. First of all, it cannot be said that the concept of conjugal rights and that its embodiment in section 9 is foreign to the Indian culture and society.It may be borne in mind that conjugal rights. Such a right is inherent in the very institution of marriage itself. [12] The only thing is new is the embodiment of this concept which has been prevailing since antiquity. The prime objective of section 9 is to preserve the marriage. [13] According to the Hindu Marriage Act mar riage is a civil contract and a religious ceremony. [14] It is a contract of the greatest importance in civil institutions, and it is charged with a vast variety of rights and obligation,[15] cohabitation being one of them.It is the very soul of marriage and this section enforces the right of cohabitation. If there is no reasonable ground for living apart, the court orders for cohabitation and enforces the Contract there is nothing wrong as the parties had voluntarily stipulated this at the time of entering into the marriage bond. [16]Section 9, in actuality, is a means of saving the marriage, it is in a sense an extension of sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 23 of the Act which encourage reconciliation by the court.It is the policy of the Act that the parties should live together and assist in the maintenance of marriages. [17] By enforcing cohabitation, the court is serving this purpose of the Act. Further, it is criticized on the ground that it allows the withdrawing spouse to take an advantage of his own wrong, which is against the scheme of section 23 and allows him/her to apply for a decree in case of non consummation of the marriage within one year of passing of decree. However in  Dharmendra Kumar v.Usha Kumari,[18] the Hon'ble Court clearly stated that The expression â€Å"in order to be a  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœwrong†Ã‚  within the meaning of section 23(1) (a) the conduct alleged has to be something more than mere disinclination to agree to an offer of reunion, it must be misconduct serious enough to justify denial of the relief to which the husband or the wife is otherwise entitled to. [19]It is also often claimed to be gender discriminatory and violative of Article 14. T. Sareetha case[20] confirmed this view. It is obvious that the judge considered the entire question of restitution from the point of view of the woman.It seems that it has been overlooked that restitution of conjugal rights can also be claimed by the wife. It is relevant to state tha t the section is gender neutral as by the Amending Act 44 of 1964 either party to a marriage has been allowed to present a petition for divorce on the ground given in section 13(1-A). Even the party found guilty in restitution proceedings is entitled to petition for divorce under section 13 (1-A)(ii). There is complete equality of sexes here and equal protection of the laws. [21] Therefore this claim of abolitionist is incorrect.Section 9 is also criticized for being an instrument of forced sexual relation and hence being violative of right to privacy guaranteed under Article 21. But much contrary is its purpose. The remedy of restitution aims at cohabitation and consortium and not merely at sexual intercourse. [22] In  Halsbury's Laws of England[23]  it is observed: (cohabitation) aces not necessarily mean serial intercourse, which the court cannot enforce, so that refusal of sexual intercourse by itself does not constitute refusal to cohabit. [24] In support of this propositio n the high authority of Lord Stowell in  Forster v. Forster,[25]  Orme v. Orme, [26] and  Rowe v. Rowe[27] may be cited. One thing is clear from Lord Stowell's decision in  Forster v. Forster[28] and Halsbury's statement of law that the Court does not and cannot enforce sexual intercourse. In cases like T Sareetha, [29] the concept of marriage is pictured as if consists as if it consists of nothing else except sex. Chaudhary, J. ‘s over-emphasis on sex is the fundamental fallacy in his reasoning.He seems to suggest that restitution decree has only one purpose, that is, to compel the unwilling wife to â€Å"have sex with the husband†. This view was discarded long ago in as early as 1924 Sir Henry Duke President in  Jackson v. Jackson. [30]To say that restitution decree â€Å"subject a person by the long arm of the to a positive sex act† is to take the grossest view of the marriage institution. [31]Therefore, it is fallacy to hold that the restitution of conjugal rights constituted â€Å"the starkest form of governmental invasion† of â€Å"marital privacy†. 32] Further, applying the standard that law has to be just, fair and reasonable as enunciated inManeka Gandhi,[33] section 9 said tries to bring the parties together. Whether to grant restitution decree would be just, fair and reasonable in the facts and circumstances of a given case is left to the court to be decided in its judicial discretion. What better guarantee can the law afford for the â€Å"inviolability of the body and mind† of the wife and her â€Å"marital privacy†[34] And therefore it can be safely stated that section 9 is not violative of Article 21.It also stated by critique that restitution decree serve as a stepping stone to divorce and is condemned to be a passage or passport to divorce. The reason behind the scheme of putting non consummation of marriage after one year of passing the decree of restitution of conjugal rights under sec tion 13 of the Act is that the Indian Legislature believes that there should not be a sudden break of the marriage tie. It believes in reconciliation and that that cooling-off period is not only desirable but essential. If the marriage cannot be saved even after passing the decree of restitution it must be dissolved.A factual separation gives an easily justifiable indication of breakdown. [35] That is, under the Act it serves a double purpose. It first finds the fault and where it lies. Secondly it leads to the dissolution of the marriage, if there is no resumption of cohabitation. Further, recognizing non-consumption of marriage after 1 year of passing of Restitution Decree as a ground of divorce enables the aggrieved spouse to apply to the court for maintenance under section 25; and maintenance pendente lite may also be claimed by making out a case for the same as provided in section 24.This enables a wife, who does not desire disruption of the marriage or even judicial separation from the husband, to secure provision for her support by an order of the court under the matrimonial jurisdiction conferred on it, instead of filing a suit for maintenance under the law relating to maintenance now embodied in the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act 1956. [36]People who are against the concept of restitution of conjugal rights argue that England which is the nation of origin of the concept has deleted this remedy from its legislation and India is still continuing it.The Law Commission, in their Fifty-ninth Report have- not recommended its abolition nor in their Seventy-First Report of 1978. The Commission was aware that it had been abolished in England under section 20 of the Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1970. However, it is germane to state that retaining this section all these years is not without reason. The truth is that the legislature has not accepted the breakdown theory in toto, as has been accepted in England. [37] Adding on, a recent writer[38] has suggeste d that â€Å"the opinion of Derrett is more realistic and that the Hindu society is not mature enough to do away with the remedy.Its abolition would be like throwing away the baby with the bath-water. â€Å"[39]It is also argued that the methodology adopted in execution of the decree as mentioned in the Code- of Civil Procedure (0-21 Rules 32 and 33) is erroneous as it provides for financial sanction in case of non fulfillment of this decree. It is to be remembered that marriage is also contractual in nature. Providing for a financial sanction in case of non fulfillment of contractual obligation is a common practice. Also that enforcement by attachment of property is provided by court where the disobedience to such a decree is willful i. e. s deliberate, in spite of the opportunities and there are no other impediments. 0 21, Rules 31 and 32 C. P. C. provide only a financial sanction to serve as an inducement by the court to effectuate restitution and serve a social purpose i. e. p revention of the break-up of the marriage. [40]Often the case of  Russel v. Russel[41] is quoted by abolitionist, however the bigger picture as to why Lord Herschell called this remedy as barbarous is not brought in light. What he said and meant was that reasonable excuse, an essential for the decree of Restitution of Conjugal Right, was not confined only to the grounds of divorce.It can as well be â€Å"something short of legal cruelty† which might constitute a reasonable excuse for refusing restitution. What was stated by him was that if the meaning of reasonable excuse was restricted to the grounds, then this remedy shall be barbarous. This is precisely what has been taken care of in India as the history of the Act would show. Section 9(2) as originally enacted provided that â€Å"Nothing shall be pleaded in answer to a petition for restitution of conjugal rights which shall not be a ground for judicial separation or for nullity of marriage or for divorce. This created considerable difficulty. The Law Commission in its Fifty-Ninth Report recommended its deletion. It is now possible for the party to plead a reasonable excuse which may not necessarily be a ground either for judicial separation or nullity or divorce. So the Act was amended and by Act No. 68 of 1976 section 9 (2) was deleted. This brought the law in conformity with the opinion of Lord Herschell. It will, therefore, appear that Lord Herschell's expression â€Å"barbarous† was used in a different context. 42]Conclusion In summation, it may be stated that the grounds and arguments are baseless and they do not sufficiently prove that the Remedy of Restitution of Conjugal Rights is archaic, barbarous and violative of the basic Human Rights. It cannot be said that this remedy is unconstitutional. Section 9 has sufficient safeguards to prevent the marriage from being a tyranny. [43]In truth, it serves the social good purpose, by promoting reconciliation between the parties and mainten ance of matrimonial. It protects the society from denigrating. And all the years that it has been enforce it has efficiently played it's a role.References [1] Section 9 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 reads as follows:- â€Å"When either the husband or the wife has without reasonable excuse withdrawn from the society of the other, the aggrieved party may apply, by a petition to the district court, for restitution of conjugal rights and the court, on being satisfied of the truth of the statements made in such petition and that there is no legal ground why the application should not be granted, may decree restitution of conjugal rights accordingly†. [2] After the Marriage Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976. [3] Paras Diwan, Law of Marriage ; Divorce, 4th Ed. p. 328. [4] T. Sareetha v. T. Venkatasubbaiah, A. I. R. 1983 A. P. 356. [5] A. I. R. 1984 Del. 66. [6] A. I. R. 1984 S. C. 1562. [7] Harvinder Kaur v Harminder Singh, A. I. R. 1984 Del. 66. [8] A. I. R. 1983 A. P. 356. [9] Jaspal S ingh, Law of Marriage and Divorce in India , (1983), p. 83. [10] (1897) AC 395. [11] A reference has been made to Mr. Prashanth S. J, Hindu Women And Restitution Of Conjugal Rights: Do We Need The Remedy [12] Kondal v. Ranganavaki, A. I. R. 1924 Mad. 49. [13] Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhr, A. I. R. 1984 Del. 66. [14] Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhr, A.I. R. 1984 Del. 66. [15] Linda v. Belisario (1795) 1 Hag. Con. 216(21) per Sir William Scott at pp. 30, 232. [16] Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhr, A. I. R. 1984 Del. 66. [17] Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhry, A. I. R. 1984 Del. 66. [18] A. I. R. 1977 S. C. 2218. [19] Dharmendra Kumar v. Usha Kumari, A. I. R. 1977 S. C. 2218. [20] T. Sareetha v. T. Venkatasubbaiah, A. I. R. 1983 A. P. 356. [21] Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhry, A. I. R. 1984 Del. 66. [22] Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhry, A. I. R. 1984 Del. 66. [23] 12th Vol. , 3rd Ed. , p. 284. 24] A reference may be made to Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhry, A. I. R. 1984 Del. 66. [25] (1790) I Hag. Con. 144. [26] (1924) 2 Addf 382-162 E. R. 335 [27] (1865) 34 L. J. P. M;A 111 [28] (1790) I Hag. Con. 144. [29] A. I. R. 1983 A. P. 356. [30] (1924) Probate 19 (2). [31] Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhry, A. I. R. 1984 Del. 66. [32] A reference may be made to Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhry, A. I. R. 1984 Del. 66. [33] Mrs. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (UOI) and Anr, A. I. R. 1978 S. C. 597. [34] Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhry, A. I.R. 1984 Del. 66. [35] Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhry, A. I. R. 1984 Delhi 66. [36] S. A. Desai, Mulla Hindu Law, Vol. 2, 19th Ed. , p. 60. [37] Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhry, A. I. R. 1984 Del. 66. [38] R. C. Nagpal, Modern Hindu Law, (1983), p. 110. [39] Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhry, A. I. R. 1984 Del. 66. [40] Saroj Rani v. Sudharshan Kumar Chadha, A. I. R. 1984 S. C. 1562. [41] (1897) A. C. 3 95 (16). [42] Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhry, A. I. R. 1984 Del. 66. [43] Saroj Rani v. Sudharshan Kumar Chadha, A. I. R. 1984 S. C. 1562. | |